________. Efik names were often anglicised to gain the trust of European traders. It proved to be the source of supreme authority in all Efik towns, and its institutions provided, in the past, the highest court whose verdicts transcended all else. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". That is why Sisiku Ojong Orock after consultation with the other Ekpe members and Sisiku Mfonten Mbu decided to acquire his own Nkanda Lodge in April 2003. LEFT Omabe Eze sewing an ukara, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting. [80] Ivory bracelets (Efik: Mme) were worn by wealthy women. For the first time in history, Ekpe had a presentation at the highest institution of cultural anthropology in the world, the Smithsonian Museum. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). Also join us across all of our other channels - we love to be connected! [52] The breach of agreement to halt such practices was punished by blowing Ekpe on Obutong and forbidding funeral rites of the chief until the murderers were brought to justice. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. part of the Balondos or Orokos in Ndian in Southern Cameroon) and Idombi (ie present town, called Bamusso in Ndian-Southern . Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . Although used exclusively by members of Ekpe, ukara is produced by a sub-group in a village of the Ezillo community in present-day Ebonyi State in the Igbo area in southeastern Nigeria. Prior to the arrival of the missionaries in 1846, many Efik traders were fluent in English and a number of African and European languages. Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. [44] [51] The Enwang people moved to the present site of Henshaw town.[51]. The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. a king whose attempts to have a special son lead him to make bargains with one Islamic missionary and two noble travelers. The island is believed to be named after a fisherman from Mbiabo known as Ene Ankot. The cloth is then dipped in indigo dye and hung to dry. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago [4]. [38] The Efik bard Adiaha Etim Anua recites in her 1910 ballad that "Mkpana Ndodoghi Edik. Click to expose navigation links on mobile. [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". The Ekpo society uses black masks, often of naturalistic appearance and with movable jaws, to maintain social order and propitiate the ancestors; some of these masks represent disease and deformity. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. I'm still struggling to understand her choice. Ukara are made exclusively for members of the Ekpe society, an interethnic men's association found throughout southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. Due to the peregrinations of Efik traders across the lower Cross River region, The Efik language was regarded as the language of commerce in the Cross river region. [32] Another theory states that there was a disagreement between an Efik woman known as Abasi and an Uruan woman. As Sidney Kasfir has pointed to (in reference to the Ekpe society in southeastern Nigeria and adjoining Cameroon), material, performative, and ritual structures in masking are not fused together but can be used to different ends and can travel different paths ( Kasfir 2019: 15). Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. She or he is a random of nature, a result of mixed up and confused spiritual genetics. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. "[18] References to the Igbo origin of the Efik were also made at the Hart's enquiry into the Obongship dispute where Etubom Efiom Obo Effanga asserted that the term "Iboku" meant quarrelsome Igbos. Cameroon with the Ekpe cult. [64] They insisted that Obutong be completely destroyed. Plenty sugar cane live here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion. [8] The bulk of the Efik can be found in Calabar. Here's a look inside. The year 1841 marked the official signing of papers by Efik kings to stop the exportation of slaves from Old Calabar. clothing stores in columbia mall Although Duke town is believed to have been occupied since the 15th century by the Enwang, it was not until the 17th century that the Efiom Ekpo families moved in large waves to the site. The Efik people speak the Efik language, which is a BenueCongo language of the Cross River family. According to E.U. Oral tradition holds that a type of clothing known as "Itu ita" was the earliest fabric imported into Old Calabar. [34] When the Uruan woman realised that Abasi had broken her axe, she insisted that the axe should be repaired. Ekpe" which literally means Lion, is a traditional secret society originated from the Ekoi tribe in Cross River State. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. . Jeffreys states that a disruption among the Okobo around the town of Ekeya in the Eket district led to the founding of Obutong. In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . The Ekpe-men are ranked in seven or nine grades, for promotion to each of which fresh initiation ceremonies, fees and oaths are necessary.[1]. These missionaries together with King Eyo Honesty II brought several changes to Old Calabar society. The doomsday cult is a sinister transnational cult that has paved its way from the west and Asian world into some African countries including Uganda and South Africa. Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. [36] Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. The history of the Efik is one of the most documented in subsaharan Africa. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago (E.O.Efiong-Fuller, 1996). Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Society features the ukara cloth, a composite signifier of authority, prestige, sacrality, difference, and social mobility in the Ekpe secret society in the Cross river basin encompassing southeastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon. What role does religion play in society today? Their king on the eastern Calabar coast was known as Ating Anua Efiom. They believed feasting on a human strengthened their bonds. [34], On leaving the Uruan country, the Efik migrated to Ikpa Ene which is nicknamed Akani Obio Efik(English: Old Efik island). A reconsideration of kp and Abaku suggests an agenda for the study of kp in diaspora from a different perspective. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. The Efik Language and Its Future. The remains will then be taken to Kepelle Village in Cameroon for burial after that. The instruments above are particularly important to our study of the Sunjata because: they are the traditional instruments of the jeliw who tell the story in public performance. [10] The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. [61] These papers were signed by the reigning monarchs of Creek town and Duke town who were Eyo Honesty II and Eyamba V.[61] King Eyamba and King Eyo had written letters to the British requesting that they bring in teachers to teach them trade and commerce and missionaries to aid them to know more about God. [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. The tentative program is as follows: January 27th and 28th, 2012. kp philosophy is grounded in "Cross River region concepts of community that include the living, the ancestors, and the land itself" [ Ekpe being] "a school for esoteric teachings [ revealing] ideal stages in a person's life [ in their growth to] maturity within their communities [ framing terrestrial experience within the context of the Names such as Okon became Hogan, Orok became Duke, Akabom became Cobham, Ene became Henry, Asibong became Archibong. Laws were passed to halt several practices regarded as unchristian. Sunjata's sister, Kolonkan, angers her younger brother Manding Bori when she: uses her powers to take the internal organs from animals he and his brothers killed, without cutting the animals open. identity. Although Behrendt and Graham reveal that Calabar had been a major trading port since the first half of the seventeenth century, Efik historians such as Aye assert that the Efik had been trading with the Europeans since the last quarter of the 15th century. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as This exhibition, on view from April 18 to August 2, was organized by the Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, and generously supported by the William B. Jaffe and Evelyn A. In part because of their appropriation, exclusive use, and understanding of nsibidi, Ekpe members in the pre-colonial past were thought to have access to the spiritual realm and were, therefore, empowered to make and enforce societal rules and norms. Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. (1985). [33][35] The Efik came to her defence and the dispute escalataed[34] Legend has it that this was the last straw that led to the Uruan-Efik war (known in Efik as Ek Abasi-Anwan) which led to the exit of the Efik from the Uruan country. Infact; there can be no-gainsay of the USAK-EDET People (ISANGELE) being the originators of this highly acclaimed Ekpe Society that the EFIKS, led by EFFA EFFIWAT later on used in subduing their subjects of EFUTS, (i.e. In Amos Tutuola's The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator leaves his home and begins his adventure in the bush when: In the excerpt that we read from The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator and his wife encounter: In the Song of Lawino, by Okot p'Bitek, a woman speaks to: Lawino's husband's new wife is called _______________________(Either of two possible answers) in the text. Omissions? The earliest proponent of the Igbo origin was William Baikie who stated in his 1856 publication, "All the coast dialects from One to Old Kalabar, are, either directly or indirectly, connected with Igbo, which later Dr Latham informs me is certainly related to the Kafir class". Efik traders could speak, write and read the English language. Some of the musical instruments that are important in the culture we have discussed are: the bala (balaphon), a kind of xylophone, and the kora, a gourd harp. Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the BenueCongo subfamily of the Niger-Congo language group. Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. Resume: La communaure cubaine Abakua-descendantedes communautes :EB:k Ekpe et Ejagham ~gbedu Sud Est du Nigeria etdu Sud Ouest du Cameroun-a ete fondee ala Havane dans les annees 1830 par des leaders captures des villages de Cross River. They came from Mbiak Creek in Ibibio country. [61] One of such letters written by King Eyamba V and the chiefs of Old Calabar states: Now we settle treaty for not sell slave, I must tell you something, I want your Queen to do for we. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. The traditional attire for men usually consists of a white long-sleeved shirt, a long broad soft neckerchief or scarf of costly material (Efik: kpmkpm) and a wrapper tied around the waist (Efik: Usobo).[83]. I Am Niki Buroro Agbor Ekpe Jerome a holder of a professional Masters in Forestry and wildlife Engineering with focus on Protected Area Management, Masters of Science in Forest Governance and policies from University of Dschang and Professional Masters in Environmental Science (ESIA) university of Yaounde 1. [9] The Efik have also been referred to as "Calabar people" in historical literature. The presentation, by Ekpe members from Cameroon, Nigeria and Cuba was arranged by Chief Dr. Ivor Miller and coordinated by Sessekous Ojong-Orock, Joseph Mbu and Mbe Tazi. There are different narratives on the arrival of the Efik at Creek Town. It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . Several accounts have been given on the migration from Creek town to Obutong. The Efik in Nigeria have Nkanda as the basic Ekpe whereas, in Cameroon we have Ekpe as the starting point in Ekpe. Imbued with transcendental aura, ukara conveys the sacrality and prestige of the Ekpe secret society. [37] When many of the Efik had left for Ndodoghi, a series of unfortunate events occurred. There are two distinct but related societies. In the traditional Soninke tale of "Gasire's Lute", the son of the king contributes tragically to the fall of his kingdom when he: becomes too impatient to become king himself, gets his own sons killed in battle, becomes a poet-bard rather than wait to become king, causes his own people to rebel against his desire to keep fighting. Each grade has a chieftain or an Obong. Animals such as goats, chicken and dogs are consumed in Efik cuisine. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the Benue -Congo subfamily of the Niger - Congo language group. Several types of English dresses were introduced to Efik women such as the Victorian dresses known in Efik as nyny. All Ekpe members are hereby reminded that under Ekpe custom, we do not leave the lifeless body of our warriors in the battle field, and we certainly do not leave the remains of an Ekpe chief unguarded. nineteenth centuries, no large kingdoms controlled Nigeria and Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. Aye, Originally Ekpe Fraternity was for religious purposes, but as the Calabar community became complicated owing to the new wealth which the early trade with Europeans brought it was. "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). ekpe society cameroon. This is evident in a testimony by Isaac Parker, a ship-keeper who lived at Duke town in 1765 for 5 months. [32] Oku adds that the Uruan were adverse to the Efik custom of burying strangers with their dead and did not share in the practice carried out by the Efik. LEFT Mgballa Ekpe lodge with Ekpe members, Arochukwu, southeastern Nigeria. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. The cloth is made of plain cotton but transformed into a ritual object when nsibidi symbols are inscribed onto it through indigo dyeing. According to Historians, this technique of indigo-dyeing was developed in the Dogon kingdom in Mali (West Africa) dating back to the 11th century. Among these included Yams, Fufu and an unidentified type of black soup frequently mentioned in 19th century Old Calabar literature. The designs are part of a dynamic language known as nsibidi, which uses image and gestural performance to communicate knowledge guarded by society members. Welcome to brotherhood Illuminati where you can becomerich famous and popular and your life story we be changetotally my name is Dan Jerry I am here to share mytestimony on how I join the great brotherhood Illuminatiand my life story was change immediately . Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. The group has managed to stay mostly hidden for over more than 100 years. The masquerade tradition itself is most popular in Calabar and the Oron nation of Udung-Ukko, Mbo, Urue-Offong Oruko, Okobo, as well as the Eket and Uruan local government areas in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, and even western Cameroon. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa. Body art plays a major role in Ibibio art. The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. Cameroon-Nigeria Relations, 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions Between Two Nigerian Neighbouring States. Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. Posted on March 01, 2015 [42] K.K. The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. [51] The Enwang people who were fishing at Duke town saw the twins approaching and fled in terror saying "Mbiomo oduk ine"(English: A curse has befalling our fishing sites). Ekpe cult, the leopard cult, and a male masquerade cult of the Efik, in cross river state of Nigeria, followed by Doomsday cult (prediction of total destruction of planet earth), then the. Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. According to Simmons, "Most Informants maintain that the first people to Inhabit Creek Town were Efut fishermen from the southern Cameroons. Photo by Jordan Fenton. Have you ever thought about starting a secret society? It was found in operation among a tribe down the coast towards Camaroons, but was improved and extended in its new field of operations.[60]. through the Illuminati Iwas able to become rich, and have many industry on myown and become famous and popular in my country , todayme and my family is living happily and I am the mosthappiest man here is the opportunity for you to join theIlluminati and become rich and famous in life and be likeother people and you life we be change totally.If you areinterested in joining the great brotherhood Illuminati.thencontact him +2348106618681 or for more information +1(705)8062021 email:illuminatibrotherpowerful@gmail.com or you need my assistance email:danjerry04@gmail.com Shame to the Manyu people and great men o Manyu, that you as enlightened as I know will willfully distort a tradition that back dates as long as 400 to 800hundred. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the . a warrior-hunter who, despite having been a cripple, becomes the founder of an empire. We are about loving, encouraging, embracing, teaching, and building with black people. Updates? I hope Queen Victoria and young prince will live long time and we get good friend. Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. Ikpaya is now worn by an Obong-elect during the traditional coronation ceremony. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. The Efik (Calabar) caste structure of Ekpe . Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba.
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